The State of Pragya enacts the 'Digital Security Act' requiring all citizens to submit their private messaging chat logs to local police inspectors whenever requested for 'preventative monitoring', without requiring any prior warrant from a judicial magistrate. A civil liberties group challenges this law. Applying the principles from the passage, will the challenge succeed?

Yes, because compulsory data disclosure without prior judicial authorization or procedural safeguards fails the constitutional proportionality standard.

No, because the state has absolute power to safeguard public security and privacy rights can be suspended during routine administrative operations.

Yes, because compulsory data disclosure without prior judicial authorization or procedural safeguards fails the constitutional proportionality standard.

No, because the executive has discretionary power under administrative expediency to monitor communications without judicial interference.

Yes, but only if the citizens can prove that the police officers had personal malice against them.

Based on the four-fold test of proportionality mentioned in the passage, which of the following conditions is NOT a prerequisite for a valid state restriction on privacy?

The restriction must be approved by a public referendum before enactment.

The state action must pursue a legitimate statutory objective.

The measure adopted must be the least intrusive means available.

The restriction must be approved by a public referendum before enactment.

The benefit achieved must not be disproportionately oppressive compared to the privacy encroachment.

Suppose the Parliament enacts a statute mandating commercial banks to report high-value financial transactions above ₹10 Lakhs to the tax department solely through an automated, encrypted API to prevent money laundering. The law provides strict penalties for unauthorized leakage. Is this measure likely to satisfy the proportionality test?

Yes, because preventing money laundering is a legitimate statutory aim, the automated measure is suitable, necessary, and accompanied by strict data protection safeguards.

No, because all forms of financial tracking violate absolute fundamental privacy under Article 21.

No, because banks are private entities and cannot share customer information under any circumstance.

Yes, but only if every account holder signs an explicit written waiver of fundamental rights.

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